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+---
+name: nginx-nonroot-docker
+description: |
+  Fix nginx crashes when running as non-root user in Docker containers. Use when:
+  (1) nginx fails with "open() /run/nginx.pid failed (13: Permission denied)",
+  (2) nginx warns "the 'user' directive makes sense only if the master process
+  runs with super-user privileges", (3) nginx can't bind to port 80 as non-root,
+  (4) entrypoint scripts fail with "can not modify /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
+  (read-only file system?)". Covers the complete set of changes needed to run
+  nginx:alpine as a non-root user in production Docker images.
+author: Claude Code
+version: 1.0.0
+date: 2026-02-22
+---
+
+# Nginx Non-Root Docker Container
+
+## Problem
+
+Running `nginx:alpine` as a non-root user (`USER nginx`) causes multiple failures
+that surface one at a time, making debugging iterative and frustrating.
+
+## Context / Trigger Conditions
+
+- Dockerfile uses `nginx:alpine` as the final stage
+- `USER nginx` directive added for security hardening
+- Container crashloops in Kubernetes with one of these errors:
+  - `open() "/run/nginx.pid" failed (13: Permission denied)`
+  - `bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (13: Permission denied)`
+  - `the "user" directive makes sense only if the master process runs with super-user privileges`
+  - Entrypoint warning: `can not modify /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf`
+
+## Solution
+
+All four issues must be fixed together. Missing any one causes a different crash:
+
+```dockerfile
+FROM nginx:alpine
+
+# Copy your built assets and config
+COPY --from=builder /app/dist /usr/share/nginx/html
+COPY --from=builder /app/nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
+
+# Configure nginx to run as non-root (ALL of these are required)
+RUN chown -R nginx:nginx /usr/share/nginx/html && \
+    chown -R nginx:nginx /var/cache/nginx && \
+    chown -R nginx:nginx /var/log/nginx && \
+    touch /run/nginx.pid && chown nginx:nginx /run/nginx.pid && \
+    sed -i 's/listen 80;/listen 8080;/' /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf && \
+    sed -i 's/^user /#user /' /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
+
+USER nginx
+
+EXPOSE 8080
+
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --retries=3 \
+  CMD wget --no-verbose --tries=1 --spider http://localhost:8080/ || exit 1
+```
+
+### What each line fixes
+
+| Line | Fixes |
+|------|-------|
+| `chown nginx:nginx /usr/share/nginx/html` | Static file access |
+| `chown nginx:nginx /var/cache/nginx` | Proxy/fastcgi cache writes |
+| `chown nginx:nginx /var/log/nginx` | Access/error log writes |
+| `touch /run/nginx.pid && chown nginx:nginx /run/nginx.pid` | PID file creation (path is `/run/`, NOT `/var/run/`) |
+| `sed 's/listen 80;/listen 8080;/'` | Port 80 requires root; use 8080+ |
+| `sed 's/^user /#user /' /etc/nginx/nginx.conf` | Comment out `user nginx;` directive (can't setuid when already non-root) |
+
+### Required Kubernetes/infrastructure changes
+
+When switching from port 80 to 8080:
+- Update `containerPort` in Deployment spec
+- Update `targetPort` in Service spec
+- Update any Ingress/proxy configs pointing to port 80
+
+```bash
+kubectl patch deployment my-app --type json \
+  -p '[{"op":"replace","path":"/spec/template/spec/containers/0/ports/0/containerPort","value":8080}]'
+kubectl patch svc my-app --type json \
+  -p '[{"op":"replace","path":"/spec/ports/0/targetPort","value":8080}]'
+```
+
+## Verification
+
+```bash
+# Build and run locally
+docker build -t test-nginx .
+docker run --rm -p 8080:8080 test-nginx
+
+# Should show clean startup with no warnings:
+# nginx/1.x.x
+# start worker processes
+# (no "user" directive warning, no permission denied)
+
+# Verify it serves content:
+curl http://localhost:8080/
+```
+
+## Notes
+
+- The PID file path is `/run/nginx.pid` on nginx:alpine (not `/var/run/nginx.pid`)
+- The `user` directive must be commented out, not deleted — `sed '/^user /d'` may not
+  match if there's leading whitespace; `sed 's/^user /#user /'` is safer
+- The nginx entrypoint scripts (`/docker-entrypoint.d/`) may warn about read-only
+  config files but these are non-fatal warnings
+- The `wget` healthcheck works on Alpine (curl is not installed by default)